Essay on The Genesis of self and social control

Exposition on The Genesis of self and social control Exposition on The Genesis of self and social control Exposition on The Genesis of self and social controlThe issue about the nature and job of individual personality has been generally examined by sociologists. As indicated by Robert Brym and John Lie (2009), the association between the individual character and the bigger society is a â€Å"focus† for some, sociologists, including George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman (p. 13).â Both sociologists were centered around the investigation of individual character, setting accentuation on the job of cooperation with others. The investigations of George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman added to the advancement of representative interactionism as their perspectives share especially for all intents and purpose (Burkitt, 1991).  However, there are sure contrasts between George Herbert Mead’s and Erving Goffman’s understandings of the constitution and multiplication of individual character. From sociological point of view, the idea of individual personality alludes to the investigation of the connections between singular practices and collectivity. The thoughts of George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman with respect to singular personality are powerful in forming the model of individual character. As per Richard Jenkins (2014), â€Å"individual personality typified in selfhood †is certifiably not an important recommendation in confinement from the human universe of other people†(p. 42). Both Mead and Goffman put forth attempts to decipher the constitution and generation of individual character, however they do it in various ways.The significant objective of this paper is to thoroughly analyze George Herbert Mead’s and Erving Goffman’s understandings of the constitution and proliferation of individual personality. Furthermore, it is important to characterize whether one of these ways to deal with singular personality better than the other.George Herbert Mead’s translations of the constitutionand generation of individual identityGeorge Herbert Mead’s understanding of the constitution and proliferation of individual character depends on mental way to deal with the investigation of the job of connection with others. As the humanist, Mead is keen on the investigation of personality, putting accentuation on its advancement in social setting. He expresses that personality is a piece of the individual’s character (Mead, 1925; Goffman, 1971).Actually, George Herbert Mead’s unique and historic origination of the interrelationship of self and society is persuasive. Mead’s comprehension of oneself mirrors the job of the intersubjective character of social activity (Jenkins, 2014). He investigates different issues with respect to the development of individual personality, including how an individual’s feeling of character can be gotten from the relationship of the self to the next (Burkitt, 1991).  In different words, Mead accepts that through an individual’s connec tion, it is conceivable to show up at a feeling of character (Mead, 1925; Brym Lie, 2009). One’s own individual character can be accomplished through the use of general origination of society.In expansion, Mead presents various classifications and divisions, which help to all the more likely comprehend the idea of self and society. Mead’s translation of intersubjectivity is one of the most significant issues in the field. In his works, Mead’s thoughts are associated with the longing to have a comprehension of life â€Å"as a procedure and not a progression of static physicochemical situations† (Mead, 1925, p. 251). Mead dismisses the utilization of otherworldly clarifications in regards to life forms. He is centered around emotional clarification of life, setting accentuation on the comprehension of self as the result of the alleged social act. As per Mead (1925), â€Å"selves exist just according to other selves†(p. 278). This reality implies that selves rely upon others, and they can't exist without a network of others. The significant contention made by Mead is that the social alludes to the type of speculation of others, affecting the improvement of one’s own individual personality, which infers that â€Å"the mind is itself intersubjectively constituted† (Mead, 1925).According to Mead, singular character can be depicted as the result of human correspondence that gives certain jobs to people. As a matter of fact, the idea of the job shapes the premise of his investigation of character. Mead was a scholar and therapist; in this manner, his perspective on singular personality depends on some philosophical reasoning. He figured out how to make a â€Å"theory of the social cause of human selves† (Goffman, E.1971, p.28). As per Mead, it is difficult to isolate the hypothesis of human conduct from the hypothesis of the brain. He built up the idea of social behaviorism to accentuate the job of individual per sonality and conduct in social interaction.For Mead, the idea of â€Å"the self† is associated with representative experience of people (Mead, 1934). Mead accepts that the truth is built up during the time spent human connection. He writes,Symbolization establishes objects not comprised previously, objects that would not exist aside from the setting of social connections wherein symbolization happens. Language doesn't just represent a circumstance or article which is as of now there ahead of time; it shows up of that circumstance or item, for it is a piece of the component whereby that circumstance or article is made (Mead, 1934, p. 78).â â â â â â â â â â â Mead accepts that singular character impacts the psyche to cause individuals to communicate with each other. The brain turns into a device used to advanced dynamic support in the network exercises (Mead, 1934).Erving Goffman’s translations of the constitutionand multiplication of individual identityErvi ng Goffman’s understanding of the constitution and proliferation of individual character depends on various parts of individual’s character. Goffman states that there are various implications of the term â€Å"identity†. He characterizes three implications: â€Å"social identity†, â€Å"personal identity† and â€Å"ego identity† (qtd. in Manning, 1992, p. 98). Goffman’s translation of character depends on the association between social personality and individual character. Together, social character and individual personality mirror some critical parts of self, which are â€Å"socially in play with others, influencing them and influenced by them† (Burns, p. 26). Goffman’s works are created to feature the job of individual personality in social turn of events. He offers clarification to oneself so as to viably oversee social association. However, the comprehension of Goffman’s thoughts prompts the underestimation o f the unpredictability of the hypothetical viewpoint created by him. Goffman talks about the eccentricities of performing social communication and the approaches to support social request (Goffman, 1970; Goffman, 1967). As per Burkitt (1991), â€Å"Goffman will not propose the topic of which is the most genuine, the presentational front or the self of the on-screen character who is behind it†(p.70). In his hypothetical way to deal with the investigation of individual personality, he is centered around two selves: â€Å"the self who is a cover and the lingering self that it hides† (Burkitt, 1991, p. 70).In expansion, Goffman examines the idea of the idea of shame that can be portrayed as an individual’s plausibility to take an interest in up close and personal collaboration. It might happen â€Å"whenever an individual is felt to have anticipated incongruent meaning of himself before those present† (Goffman, 1967, p. 97). As a matter of fact, these project ions happen in certain social condition where contradictory standards of social cooperation are pervasive. If there should arise an occurrence of the contention between these standards, shame plays out its social capacity. Social experience depends on up close and personal communication. Social development of oneself is related with social encounter.In general, Goffman states that every self is socially built and requires the proper social communication. He assists with surveying the job of an individual’s capacity to impact the arrangement of individual character under social conditions, which shape human activities, yet additionally constrain them (Burns, 2002). The self that has been developed in social cooperation is dynamic, focused on acknowledgment of one’s own arrangements and wants (Goffman, 1967; Burns, 2002).The key likenesses and contrasts between George Herbert Mead’s and Erving Goffman’s translations of the constitution and multiplication of individual identityLike Mead, Goffman gave a wide range of classes, which are as yet applied to the field of human science. He investigates the essentialness of the ceremonies of social association and uncovers the key elements of oneself. The constitution of personality, as indicated by Goffman, is associated with the introduction of self with minimal genuine substance. Mead’s approach places accentuation on the job of social association in the development of the self.However, Goffman has built up the possibility of the idea of personality all the more deliberately. As indicated by Goffman, each individual countenances significant issues in his/her life that require displaying one’s self and making it detectable to other people (Goffman, 1970).  The works of Goffman have direct connection to representative interactionism. As the significant attribute of emblematic interactionism is the utilization of images, for example, language, in human collaboration so as to gr ow socially built reality, Goffman’s sees with respect to the job of individual character and its constitution are applicable. Like Mead’s approach, Goffman alludes to the importance of social intercourse. All in all,

Risk Managment full assingmetn free essay sample

Executing a Risk Management Plan is a difficult assignment for the administration of associations everywhere throughout the world. This is going on account of globalization, delimitation of monetary limits and the acts of neglect of administration picking up unmistakable quality in the organization of open just as private areas. Associations everywhere throughout the world are confronting dangers concerning political vulnerability, shortage of money and more extensive broadening of business sectors. This is on the grounds that the associations need to extend and enhance so as to accomplish high development rate. The target of this paper is to investigates the hazard factors that these variables present for Travco Travel Company (TTC), a private area, firmly held organization with goals and potential to continue development. TTC is an expertly overseen organization and its development has been exponential. The organization is a piece of a multi year old global gathering, The Travco Group, headquartered in Egypt . The gathering offers travel benefits and has partnered undertakings, for example, Cruise Liners, Luxury Coaches, Resorts and Luxury Hotels, spread over the Middle East and China. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hazard Managment full assingmetn or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page TTC, having arrived at the pinnacle of accomplishment in the Middle East is presently setting out on an excursion of financial attachment and the executives joining in the worldwide field for extending its incorporated business exercises . This report has, after significant consultation, concentrated on three center zones of hazard which can be reason for potential monetary danger for TTC and The Travco Group, its parent bunch association and these are †Financial, Marketing and Political. The key danger scope has been investigated according to the rules set out in Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines of AS/ANZ ISO 31000:2009 and as characterized in The Risk Assessment Technique Standard of IEC/ISO 31010. The key danger to Finance has been picked in light of the fact that the organization, which was built up in the year 1979, has still to solidify its money related roots for setting out on a universal development binge. The shows that the organization is proposing to venture into completely distanced locales, where it is yet to build up itself as a durable, incorporated and well-weave element. The Political factor depends on the way that its base nation, Egypt, is continually seeing political vulnerability and is accepted to get into flimsy monetary conditions due to this political lack of concern, bewilderment and managerial vacuum. The creator of this report has continuously talked about the hierarchical needs of TTC for hazard the board, advancing towards the need to propose a made sure about, levelheaded procedure for planning a hazard the executives plan. The point is to at last invoke a program that the organization can figure out how to have a successful command over its development plans while limiting danger possibilities over the entirety of its business streams. The ends showed up at through this report are neither comprehensive nor are intended to give any rules to TTC or so far as that is concerned some other organization. The perspectives communicated are the definitive perspectives on the creator, who is of the sentiment such ends, can be successfully utilized by organizations as methods for turning away hazard dangers in their business adventures 2. Presentation Company Background Travco Travel Company of Egypt, this is the way the author Mr. Hamed El Chiaty dedicated his first endeavor when he went into the movement administration business in 1979. The organization gradually yet consistently solidified its situation in Egypt and with partners spread across entire of Middle East, before long turned into the top organization in its field. It turned into a completely claimed auxiliary of The Travco Group and was renamed as Travco Travel. Its business advantages are spread across Travel Services; Management of Luxury Hotels and Resorts; Cruise Liners; Luxury Coaches; Conducting Corporate Tours all through the Middle East, Japan and Mainland China . The organization presently proposes to grow broadly in Asia and for that it is figuring a methodology to control the hazard factors which its development may need to look later on. The point of this report is to propose the organization a Risk Management Plan which it can embrace over all areas of its working parameters. Business Objectives An extending association, for example, Travco the need is to concentrate on monetary, regulatory and advertising approach matters. For such a unique association, the errand of picking an all around characterized hazard the board plan is a major issue. The capability of the dangers it might need to confront while on the extension binge can be inner just as outer. It is exceptionally hard for the administration to make an appraisal of the risks of the development and to assess them before it starts the custom of another extension is out and out an assignment which should be investigated profoundly and cautiously. In spite of the fact that the administration can put forth attempts to comprehend inside, gadget approaches to direct and control them by figuring rules, guidelines and arrangements, the outer hazard factors can't be surveyed as they are out of the company’s guidelines and strategies. In spite of the fact that, over all segments of business there are laws, principles and guidelines which are forced by controlling specialists and affiliations, and still, after all that circumstances do emerge which are hard to plan. Henceforth every supervisory crew needs to gain from its own understanding. Each association needs to explore different avenues regarding its assets and produce best outcomes inside its own approach structure. TTC Group has understanding, assets and its originator Mr. Hamed El Chiaty has experienced many high points and low points in these a long time since he framed his first organization in Egypt . There are numerous regions in the everyday activities of an organization where dangers are looked by the administration. Such hazard components might be of least power or may accomplish perilous extents at the appointed time of time. It isn't generally feasible for the administration to predict these circumstances, yet in the event that the administration has a decent, working danger the executives plan set up and it implements exacting standards, it is workable for the administration to keep the size of the hazard at any rate level. As we would like to think that an all around thought Risk Management Plan of an organization with dynamic reasoning will control ‘uncertainty’ and oversee ‘opportunity’ all the more viably. In the wake of doing broad research, the creator has deduced that if the assets of an organization, for example, Travco travel are overseen viably than an incorporated usage of its hazard the executives plan can make expansive, positive and dependable outcomes for its monetary, human and social development. Having a comprehension of the business it is in is fundamental for the administration and similarly significant is to comprehend its difficulties, rivalry in the exchange. It is basically significant that the administration figures a hazard the executives plan in the wake of considering the natural and social example of the nation where it means to grow its activities. Research on Travco Group has indicated that the vision of its organizer to look more up to date open doors for development and expansion across Middle East and now in Asia has been intense, exact and very much determined . Business Strategy The organization has defined a very much examined business system for its enhancement, development and future development. Under the direction of its capable, experienced and dynamic executive, Mr. Hamed,El Chety the gathering has attracted plans to embrace the way of life of ‘Corporate Governance’ for its present and future ventures. This will make the gathering mindful and dependable to its interior just as outside partners. The gathering has procured a wide and thorough approach of hazard the board plan for all its gathering organizations, regardless of whether by and by under its crease, whether required to be obtained, combined or skimmed as new pursuits, with or without the interest of its different partners, gave these end up being profitable for its partners later on. The gathering has built up a solid base of social roots and is focused on its partners with a profound feeling of corporate duty and a responsibility towards better client relations. The gathering the executives has a dynamic viewpoint and is consistently watching out for more current roads of vertical development, both inside and outside the group’s authoritative system. The administration is immovably of the conviction that putting resources into human force is similarly significant as putting resources into gear for a supported all round development of the gathering organizations . Business Mission Multi-dimensional development, multi-administration decent variety and multi-social viewpoint are the elements which the administration of the Travco Group are resolved to seek after for all its gathering organizations. The administration has imagined a dream for development and is being represented by a hazard the executives arrangement which is development situated and makes the gathering committed towards a protected future. The Group and its partner substances, regardless of whether related straightforwardly or in a roundabout way with the gathering, have a reasonable strategic ascent over their rivals; to face calculative money related challenge and to stay arranged for all inevitabilities. 3. Hazard the board glossary and terms Risk is characterized as the opportunity of something happening which can have negative or positive effect on the association. (Hazard Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Assessment The ID, assessment, and estimation of the degree of hazard and dangers or their up-degree through a precise and down to earth approach. (Hazard Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management The recognizable proof, investigation, appraisal, oversee, and shirking, minimization the possibility of negative occasions or augmented the opportunity of positive occasions. (Hazard Management Dictionary, 2010) Risk Management Framework A lot of parts that help and proceed RM th

Dealing With the Stress of a Disappointing Election

Dealing With the Stress of a Disappointing Election Stress Management Situational Stress Print How to Deal With the Stress of a Disappointing Election By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on August 09, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Zero Creatives/Getty Images Political elections these days have become quite intense â€" we have very passionate participants on both sides, and  with so much passion on both sides, the side of the candidate who did not win inevitably feels disappointment and stress from having things go the other way. Its important for a nation to be united and move forward after a fiercely fought campaign, and its important for voters to feel better and less stressed about the results if the results werent what they hoped for. Here are some strategies for relieving stress about an election. Set Boundaries Many people got used to checking 24-hour news channels and websites and staying abreast of every turn in the campaign over the past several months. Now that the election has happened, you may start realizing that it was all a bit overwhelming. If you feel a little overwhelmed, try to limit your news exposure, or go on a news fast for a few days, to give yourself a break. While taking a break from the news, you may also want to expose yourself to new scenery that reduces stress: Take a walk with your family in the evening, go to an exercise class (exercise is a great stress reliever), or try some guided imagery for a quick change of scenery. You’ll be glad you did. Do Something People have already been volunteering and getting involved with the political campaigns in high numbers. Now that the campaigns are in the past, you might enjoy volunteering for a worthy cause that’s important to you. Doing something with your stressed energy can help you deal with your anxiety, give you a sense of control (read here about the benefits of gaining an internal locus of control), and take your mind off the stress of your candidate not winning. Change Your Focus Having your candidate not win can be very disappointing. As with other situations where you experience anxiety but have no power to directly change your circumstances, one thing you can do to reduce stress is to change our outlook. While you don’t have to be enthusiastic about the other candidate winning, you can reduce the anxiety you feel about the situation by changing what you focus on. You already know what you dont like about the other candidate, but you might feel better if you looked for qualities or possibilities that you can feel good about â€" nobody agrees or disagrees with 100% of another persons views and policies, so chances are good that there are some positives for you in this situation as well. If you look and still cant find anything about this outcome that doesnt feel terrible to you, it might help you feel better to focus on other things in life that bring you happiness, like friends and family. (See this article for more on changing your perspective with cogni tive restructuring.) Talk to Someone It can be very cathartic to talk to friends and family who agree with your political views. Get together and talk about your disappointment, and you may feel better just getting your feelings out; youll also feel supported and understood. Sometimes just sharing your feelings through journaling helps you to let go. If you find that your feelings are so intense that theyre interfering with your regular functioning, you may even want to talk to a professional. Regular Stress Management Stress is stress. Whether your stress comes from election fears or something else, it’s important to have some standard stress relievers you have up your sleeve to keep your current stress from morphing into chronic stress, where your stress response gets triggered and never quite gets turned off. Some of my favorites are breathing exercises, regular exercise, meditation, social support, and journaling.

Security Features Of A Business Communication And Stealing...

These days, when e-mail has become the main means of personal and business communication and stealing information is what trade secret crimes thrive on the problems of securing email and safeguarding privacy are on everyone’s mind. To secure the emails, there are different types of email cryptography security options that can be implemented with: Lotus Notes Microsoft Outlook Novell GroupWise Pegasus LOTUS NOTES Security features of LOTUS Notes/ Domino Groupware Introduction: Lotus note has been one of the first complete Groupware products to hit the market way back in 1989, and ever since it has continued to dominate groupware market. Developers of Notes realized the importance of Security quite early, and therefore we see many industry Standard Security Features built in Notes over and above Security Features unique to the Notes. Together, they effectively cover many aspects of Security that are of significant importance today. Notes has layered Security model that provides Security features at two broad levels: Application Level - Features available to Notes Application Developers. Administration Level – Features available to Notes System Administrators. This paper aims to discuss the importance of Administration level security features of Notes with a focus on explaining the security they provide, their usage and their Limitations/vulnerabilities. Application level security features are not discussed here because it involves in knowledge of coding and Notes ApplicationShow MoreRelatedInformation Systems And Technology On Business1393 Words   |  6 PagesInformation systems and technology have played a role in the process of commerce, through create infrastructure which depends on workers and physical equipment. Information Technology (IT) is essential to build business environments, there are complex infrastructural requirements face global business strategies. Laudon, K.C and Laudon, J. P. 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Opium In The Gambler, The Nun, And The Radio - 1019 Words

The word â€Å"opium† is utilized several times in this short story. An opium is an addictive, narcotic drug that relieves pain or brings ecstasy. In a figurative sense, it is a way to avoid reality. For some, alcohol allows for just that. For others, it could be music, sexual intercourse, gambling, and many more. In â€Å"The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio,† the thin Mexican says, â€Å"Religion is the opium of the poor† (Hemingway 478). But, this statement is not necessarily true, which Mr. Frazer soon realizes. Several opiums, or escapes from reality, exists, as this story shows. Although religion is not the universal opium of the people, it helps many escape from reality. Sister Cecilia wants to become a saint, which seems to be her goal in life†¦show more content†¦He refuses to accept the fact that he has to retire from bullfighting until finally, his coleta, which is a symbol of being apart of this industry and figuratively, his manhood, is cut off. He faces reality in the end, just as Cayetano most likely will in the future. Mr. Frazer plays his radio every night while he is at the hospital. Even though his escape from reality is based around an object, it is still his opium. â€Å"But Seattle he came to know very well...He lived in Seattle from two o’clock on, each night, hearing the pieces that all the different people asked for, and it was as real as Minneapolis...Mr. Frazer grew very fond of Seattle, Washington† (480). Mr. Frazer’s radio allows him to travel to different places without having to leave since he is unable to. He learns to listen to his radio â€Å"without thinking† (480). Escape starts to become an addictive thing, just like an opium drug, and it transforms into something that will soon obscure him completely from the real world. In certain parts of this story, opiums are compared with others, which suggests that one’s opium is not always another’s. â€Å"The Mexicans came and brought beer but it was not good beer† (480). At first, it seems that the beer tastes bad. but then Cayetano and Mr. Frazer have a brief discussion about it, saying, â€Å"‘Three of your countrymen were here.’ ‘Sent by the police to see me.’ ‘They brought some beer.’ ‘It was probably bad.’ ‘It was bad’† (482).

A Financial Analysis of G.Wilson Free Essays

Construction is a cyclical business. During economic booms, both individuals and corporations tend to build too much and too quickly. Profit-seeking entities, anxious not to miss out on the economic potential of the boom, push up the demand for both construction materials and labor, which then increases the prices of those variables. We will write a custom essay sample on A Financial Analysis of G.Wilson or any similar topic only for you Order Now In time, and with more and more infrastructure erected, an excess supply develops. When the economy suddenly turns downward, this excess supply, finding no demand, then pushes prices of related industry products downward. G. Wilson and Its Erratic Earnings G.Wilson is an example of a company that finds it hard to produce consistent earnings. In one sense it is inevitable for a company that is completely devoted to the production of construction materials to have cyclical earnings. While it has a solid balance sheet, G.Wilson is simply too vulnerable to the boom and bust cycles of the construction industry to realize stable and lasting profits. However, a certain level of innovation can help insulate the company from these systemic shocks, with one example being Mr. Monroe’s proposal of direct costing. By changing how the company estimated its costs for the production and sale of rebar, Mr. Monroe was in effect bringing a modicum of both clarity and stability into the earnings picture.   With the direct costing method, the price arrived at for the rebar was more precise, in contrast to the old method which used industry-approved, but inaccurately determined fixed costs, including items such as overhead. In this specific instance it was determined that out-of-pocket expenses for a ton of rebar averaged at $406, but fixed costs remained more or less constant, so that profits earned or losses realized depended on the amount of tonnage actually sold and shipped. The proposal to â€Å"add tonnage in the proposed job to the backlog for the month in which it is to be produced† was meant to produce a method by which a more prà ©cis costing could be arrived at, especially in relation to the fixed costs involved. When it came to selling the rebar to the contractors, the more precise costing would allow the company to see immediately which deals were going to produce a profit and which were not, thereby avoiding bad deals in the first place. Without this more precise costing, the company might enter into deals that would make little economic sense, and be saddled with costs that it will in essence pay for in future production.    How to cite A Financial Analysis of G.Wilson, Papers

Confessional poetry Essay Example For Students

Confessional poetry Essay Plashs early poems like Point Shirley and Hard Castle Crags are purely autobiographical in tauter and confessional in character. But her best poems like Daddy, Lady Lazarus have deeper connotations. As Bernstein puts it: They deal with extreme emotional states and sometimes with the theme of individual suffering as inner registration of outward turmoil. One can recognize the experience of the poet in them, whether by internal hints or by clues from their context among other poems, but they often leave the lateral details unspecified, to be supplied by implication or by other writings. Bernstein 50) This method of self-deterioration makes Sylvia Plat something different room other confessional poets. Though she belonged to the same generation and handles the same sort of material as the other Confessionals, her attitude to poetry (only way of surviving for her) and her poetic strategy differ to a great extent from theirs. Two important features keep her apart from them. A poet moving between the two sides of the Atlantic, keenly responding to the broader social, political and cultural framework of her time, she is unable to keep her interest centered narrowly on herself. Secondly being influenced by American and European traditions of poetry, re sense of self-hood differs essentially from the day-to-day identity of the poet as a person as he / she is projected in confessional poetry. The difference in poetic strategy can be best exemplified by contrasting poems by the Confessionals and by Plat on the same subject. The Confessionals and Plat share a common history of mental breakdown and treatment. This is a theme they all have dealt with in their poems. The difference in treatment is clearly observed while comparing other Confessional poems on the subject with Plashs Poem for a birthday. While Confessional poetry depends mainly on the factual biographical details that help to project the true self in alienation, Plashs Poem for a birthday is a spiritual biography that delineates the poets quest for a whole self. In Plashs poem about her hospitalizing after a mental breakdown, the external landscape of the hospital is exchanged for the enclosed arena of the tortured mind. We move into a world of pure being not subordinated to its spatially and temporally bound surroundings. The struggle for a pure UN-fragmented self-hood takes place on a deeper psychic level, he poetic mind regressing into a preconscious state and ultimately finding new life through death in the final section of the poem The Stones: Ten figures shape a bowl for shadow My feelings itch. There is nothing to do I shall be good as new. (Plat, Collected Poems 137). As Ted Hughes tells us, The Stones can be read as Plashs self-recovery in a mental hospital where she underwent electroshock therapy. The clinical or surgical imagery widely employed in the poem suggests the process of regeneration and self-renewal. The l is essentially different from the temporally and socially delineated personality f the Confessionals self. Like Robert Lowell and John Ferryman, Anne Sexton treats the theme in The Double Image. She adheres to facts. She gives a close and careful account of her hospitalizing during her breakdown. She gives a detailed analysis of her past history, trying to go to the roots of her problem with the precision of a coolly analytical probing of the self, peculiar to her age. Plashs later poems, on the other hand, convey the sense that the future is foreclosed, that no substantial change can be occasioned by experience and that only rebirth or transcendence of re poetry are similarly determined by her mythic system. Personal and historical details as well are subordinate to it. While a Confessional poet might alter certain details to make them more fitting in the spirit of Aristotle observation that poetry is truer than history, Plashs alteration of details has a deeper significance. Her protagonist in Daddy says, l was ten when they buried you. But Plat was only eight when her father died. A magical one year in every ten cycle, however, conveys her state of being. It is precisely such details of Confessional literalness that Plat most frequently alters or eliminates. Neither Lowell nor Sexton writes poems in the cyclical orderliness, for they do not have the kind of vision to which such considerations are relevant. The details in confessional poems stand on their own, frequently unified only to the extent that they occur within a single consciousness. .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 , .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .postImageUrl , .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 , .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:hover , .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:visited , .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:active { border:0!important; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:active , .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4 .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u761a88015b1c2eab7b3e46ac0441c9d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 'The Sun Rising' by John Donne and 'To His Coy Mistress' by Andrew Marvell EssayBut in Plashs poetry every detail is connected with and intimates her entire vision. To a reader unaware of this unity, Sylvia Plashs poetry bears more or less the significance in our daily life, in which virtually every image in late poems participates. Without this awareness, the elements of suffering, violence, death, and decay will nearly be seen as aspects of a self-indulgent stance that is merely, albeit brilliantly, nasty, morbid, and decadent, the extremist exhibitionism. Was she a Confessional poet this might be the case. But Plashs poetry is of a different order and these details are absorbed into a broader system of concerns. Sylvia Plashs imagination rises to such a prolific surge of images that renders it possible for her to give an objectively and universal appeal to her personal and subjective experiences. What is very particular about Sylvia Plashs poetry is her ability to transform her autobiographical details and personal experiences artistically into a kind of deterioration where she acts out her existence in the guise of various personae and their encounters with the others. Most of Plashs poetic experience is nothing but a traumatized version of her personal experience. The abundant use of autobiographical material can be viewed as a creation of her own personal mythology through which she defines herself in a series of postures either by way of identification with the society or by claiming an ambivalent and an antithetical relationship with the society. She externalities her mental status, the sense of blackness and loss, her apprehensions, her alienation and isolation through identifications with the world of nature. The world of nature becomes symbolic of Plashs ceaseless struggle against the hostile forces. It contains the dark outlines o mythology, historical and biblical characters play their part. In this world, the yew tree stands blackly. Her father, a German, also figures darkly, often referred to persons and to concentration camps. All these provide the reserve from which Sly Plat draws the imagery, symbols, and references for her poetry. The prominent poems of Plat are autobiographical; they describe her personal experiences and personal relationships. For example, the poem Daddy written in 1962 refers to he fathers affection for her. Sylvia Plat is more successful than other confessional poets of her time. Plashs work shows extraordinary sense of urgency to convey to t reader to the feelings of her sick mind which we do not find in other confessional writers. Plashs life is her work and her work is her life. Plashs poems are uninhibited free from moral, literary and social constraints, which are part of an outworn system She sheds the smug attitude of her contemporaries, and comes out boldly.

The Current Nature Of Human Relations Essays - Workplace, Aggression

The Current Nature Of Human Relations The Current Nature of Human Relations Group Project 1 Group Members: Kari Johnson Todd Lessman Mark Mellum Craig Popp Tim Weller Organizational Behavior Richard J. Sebastian March 9, 2000 The nature of human relations is evolutionary. It changes over time as our society adjusts to our ever-changing environment. These changes can be positive or negative, and sometimes necessary changes have both positive and negative consequences on our lives. It seems that the overall nature of current human relations can best be determined by examining human interaction in a few key areas. Interaction in the workplace, the school, and the home, as well as interaction among strangers, can be analyzed to provide an accurate description. There are many factors that can have an effect on our interaction in each of these settings. The workplace is an environment in which there is generally a high degree of personal interaction. Recent technological advances have made it much easier for people to communicate with one another. The emergence of the Internet in the 1990's has forever changed the way that people will interact with one another. E-mail has become a way to connect with co-workers anywhere in the world. No longer is one confined to only communicating with people in their department or office. The increasing popularity of cellular phones had also changed human relations. One can now be reached virtually anytime, anywhere. Although technology has made human relations easier in the workplace, it has also decreased the amount of face-to-face interaction. People are relying immensely on technology and it has become simply easier to send an e-mail to someone than to physically go and talk to them. Technology has also created the virtual workplace, where people can work from the confines of their own home. This has drastically reduced the amount of personal interaction between workers. This new type of workplace is only in its beginning phase and will continue to gain popularity in the next millennium. The cultural diversity of the typical workplace has increased greatly over the last decade. This increase in diversity has come from a couple of sources. First, many companies were forced to diversify to comply with equal opportunity laws. Second, companies began to discover that people from different ethnic backgrounds were helpful in working with a wide spectrum of customers. Regardless of the reasons, this increasing diversity in the workforce has caused a change in human interaction. People are now being exposed to others with many different cultural backgrounds, beliefs and customs. This has forced people to expand their horizons and learn the proper ways to relate to people from other cultures. Many times language barriers exist, and it can be difficult to establish effective communication. Diversity has, for the most part, improved human relations within the workplace. It has made people friendlier towards others who are different and helped them to develop and improve the way they interact with co-workers. Unfortunately, not all workplace interaction is changing for the better. The threat of violence has been an increased concern for many companies. Homicide is the leading cause of death in the finance, insurance, and real estate industries (McMurry, 96). Violence in the workplace is blamed for the decreasing quality of human relations in many companies. In the past, many people considered their co-workers as a kind of extended family, which gave them a sense of security. In today's workplace, however, layoffs and downsizing have taken away that family feeling. Workers today feel as though they are just one part of a machine, and could easily be replaced. This has degraded the quality of personal interaction in the workplace. A co-worker who at one time may have been like a brother to you is now a competitor who could easily replace you. This feeling has lessened the friendliness between workers and has led to increased workplace violence. The workplace is not the only institution in which we have seen an increase of violence in the 1990s. It seems that this trend toward violent behavior is crossing the generation gaps and invading our schools as well. Too often we are seeing children inflicting harm on other students in what should be a safe and supportive environment. The shootings at Columbine high school in Littleton, Colorado last year sent

Gettysburg essays

Gettysburg essays By late afternoon, on the 2nd July, 1863, after fierce hand to hand fighting, Major General John B. Hoods 3rd Divisions flanking attack on Big Round Top had been successful. Meade realising the lack of troops on the Round Tops had rushed the 1st Maine to try to thwart Jackson who having let Hood bypass Sickles force in the Peach Orchard caught way out in front of the main Union lines and seize the Top (s). Sickle was outflanked and held by Laws Brigade leaving only the 1st Maine to take the brunt of the killing power of the massed Confederate infantry. Colonel Chamberlain, commanding was killed in the first volley and whatever morale the Union troops retained was soon broken. It was over in less than ten minutes, the remnants of the Federal forces streamed back to the relative safety of their main line on Cemetery Ridge. Hood sent reports of the securing of the Tops to Jackson.ThomasStonewall Jackson had assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia after Robert E.Lee was wounded by a stray shell late on the afternoon of the 1st. Though not serious, General Lee had shrapnel wounds to both legs and concussion and command had passed to his deputy, Jackson. Jackson sent for Lieutenant-General Longstreet and ordered him to get his artillery onto the Tops and commence bombardment of Meades forces. Cabells Battalion of Artillery is despatched to Big Round Top and commences an immediate cannonade. Alexander has despatched half his cannon to assist and by 7.00pm 67 cannon are belching their deadly breath down on Cemetery Ridge. In the pitch dark lit only by the shell bursts of the Confederate fire the Union troops mill about in panic. Orders are countermandered , duplicated and totally confused as officers try to keep their various charges in check. The casualty toll is becoming horrendous and more and more troops are trying to flee the field. Unfortunately, in the dark they have little sense of dir ...

Metacritical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Metacritical Thinking - Essay Example Researchers incorporating systems thinking embark on investigating the link between the smaller social issues, that is, the contributions each problem segment was making on the overall social problem. According to Checkland and Poulter (2006, p. 27) little isolation between issues are made during the research process. However, connection between the various issues is done towards the end of research. Individual researchers with experience in various sub-sections lead investigation therein. This provides opportunity for the contributing issues to be combed conclusively before being incorporated in solution finding processes. However, it is the connection between the various issues that help understand the real social problems, and therefore lead to development and implementation of best solutions. This form of thought process also includes the parameters of spirituality and the arguments related to existence of god. However, there are exceptions too. In this context it would be relevant to say that in the context of meta-criticism Jean Kilbourne presents excellent example of the term. Jean Kilbourne makes an excellent point in her portrayal of advertisement and its appearance of violence and sexually predatory nature. Blatantly sexist, implied violence and the essence of fear or dominance would be inherent in advertisement of all descriptions from lingerie, to jeans all the way to peanut butter. Jean Kilbourne's essay shows us how much we ignore in the world of advertisement, which simply exemplifies that which we ignore in life as a whole. Either her portrayal of the difference between perceptions of men and women in the various ads, including such concepts as intimacy, violence and innocence would be such as to cause alarm or to cause us to seriously examine the route advertisement is taking in the role of human behaviors. Human behavior is altered by stimuli outside the mind, but absorbed by that same mind. It is this absorpt ion that must be considered when understanding the human psyche. Sexual advertisement has a tendency to increase violence done by men continuously exposed to the ads and the industry continues to use these sexual images for attention magnets. The biggest problem with this now would be the fact that now teenagers and children have become a target audience, resulting in addiction toward images and brands. Her meta-criticism is persuasive and highly motivating backed by relevant informative text. (Kilbourne, 116-7) However, it should be noted that there various schools of Meta-critical thought process and they are generally associated wit cosmological criticism and arguments. The first one, derived from the argument of motion, stipulates that for bodies to be in motion, they have to be moved by other bodies. Since it is contended that the two states of being 'potential' and 'actual' are mutually exclusive, it is not possible for a "mover" and the "moved" to be the same, i.e. automated movement is axiomatically ruled out. Now, based on this contention, if we regress to infinity, then we arrive at the concept of the 'first mover'. Since the 'first' mover, cannot, logically be moved by any 'preceding' body, the former has to 'God'. The second postulate is in terms of the nature of 'efficient causes'. This

Evaluating international business communications situations Essay

Evaluating international business communications situations - Essay Example A communication plan is a very useful tool in ensuring successful programming. (Morrison, T., & Conaway, W. A. 2006) It enhances participation by everyone involved and further shapes how people perceive every detail of a project. A communication plan may help individuals to raise public awareness in a targeted community specifically on their needs, challenges as well as successes. (Morrison, T., & Conaway, W. A. 2006) It is based on that plan that an organization may be able to raise funds and obtain support. In cases where a project depends on attendance of people, the plan is useful in mobilization and enrolment into the project. The key aspect of communication plan is the resource management aspect of the plan. (Rendtorff, J. D. 2010) There is always a risk of having limited resources in every organization that intends to conduct market research which would be useful in guiding a business plan, particularly on amount of money and time that will be involved in the process. (Rendtorff, J. D. 2010) A communication plan will be critical in making use of such limited time. This is because it enhances focus on the exact objectives to address and priorities to observe in the process. (Rourke, P. J. 2011)The plan further will not only allows for clarity on the objectives and promotes zeroing in on the target audience of the plan but also enhance congruence in communication with the rest of the world. There are two points that are involved in effective communication plan. First, it is the identification of the stakeholders who will be involved in the process. The second aspect is the reporting that happens at the end of the project, where market research findings are relayed to decide the actual project to be undertaken in the community. (Willinsky, J. 2006) From this end, the study will focus on the evaluation of the international business communication s situations. And specifically on the explanation of a

Auditor Liability: History, Changes and the Enron Case

Auditor Liability: History, Changes and the Enron Case Audits are carried out to ascertain the validity and reliability of the companys information especially financial information and provide an assessment on the effectiveness of the internal control system. Auditors are responsible to express appropriate audit opinion on the financial statements so as to give a true and fair view of the companys financial position based on the audit evidence they obtained throughout the audit procedures performed. Although auditors need not purposely design audit procedures to detect fraud, they are required to disclose the fraud that they have identified immediately. Recently, audit liability has become an international issue that attracts the concern of practitioners and academicians alike. Auditors liability is the possible legal obligation of an auditor for breach of contract or negligence. Auditors liability can be derived from contract law where auditor is bound by the contract or engagement letter and auditors liability is based on breach of contract; common law where the auditors liability concept is based on auditors negligence, gross negligence or fraud that are developed through court decisions; or statutory law where liability is developed through state statutes or Federal securities laws. An auditor can be held liable for breach of contract, negligence, gross negligence or fraud. Breach of contract will cause the auditor to be liable to their clients while negligence, gross negligence or fraud will lead to the auditors liability towards clients and also third parties. 2.0 The Evolution of Auditors Liability This report will basically discuss on the trend of auditor liability to third parties in United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) as the liability pressure in these two countries is predominantly intense. The trend of auditor liability to clients will not be discussed in this report as it does not change much. This is because the auditors liability to clients occurs only when there is breach of contract, i.e. when the auditor fails to meet the requirements that were established in the contract or normally in the engagement letter. Prior to 1970s, claims against auditors were relatively rare although the issue of auditors liability to clients and certain third parties has always been there. Nowadays, the number of lawsuits against auditors and public accounting firm have increase in the countries such as US, Canada, UK and Australia. Hence, the auditing profession faces litigation crisis and needs to spend a lot of time and costs defending against the lawsuits. The increase in litigation has brought about some negative effects. For instance, the litigation cost and cost of professional liability insurance of an audit firm has increased which will affect the ability and going concern of the audit firm, and increasing number of capable and experienced accountants leaving the profession which may lead to the issue of lack of accounting professionals in future. Unless action is taken, the future of auditing is under threat; this is clearly not in the publics interest (Ward, G., 1999). As there are many negative effects from the litigation, many researches have been done and proposed that the auditor liabilitys scope should be limited to reduce the litigation risk of an audit firm. The most common suggestions include replacing of joint and several liabilities with proportionate liability, capping of auditor liability to a particular limit and so forth. The scope of auditors liability is expected to be limited in future if the suggestions have been implemented. According to Pacini, C., Hillison, W. Sinason, D. (2000), the trend of the legal liability of auditor to third parties has emerged towards a narrower scope. 2.1 United Kingdom (UK) The issue of auditor liability in UK can be determined at the national level where the decision that binds on all the courts in the country is made at the highest national court. Before 1964, it is relatively difficult for a third party to sue an auditor for negligent misstatements. However, the situation has change in 1964 due the case of Hedley Byrne Co. vs Heller Partners Ltd. (1964). After Hedley Byrne case, there was an apparent trend in the expanding of the scope of duty of auditor to third parties. The case of Hedley Byrne generally provides certain tests that must be satisfied for extending the auditors duty of care to third parties: (1) the auditor must aware that the financial statements are to be used for a particular purpose, (2) a known party was intended to rely on financial statements for that purpose, and (3) there must have been some conduct on the part of the auditor linking him to that party, which indicates the auditors understanding of that partys reliance (Messier, W. F., 2007). This case has brought about the concept of reliance where the auditor will be liable if they had been negligent in conducting audit and the third party had relied on the financial statements audited by them. For auditor to be liable to third parties, it must be reasonable for a third party to place reliance on the auditors report and that the auditors were alert that the person would rely on the report. Next, the case of JEB Fasteners Ltd. vs Marks Bloom Co. (1981) and Twomax Ltd. and Goode vs Dickson, McFarlane Robinson (1982) had emphasize on the concept of foreseeability which seems to lead to the view of unlimited auditor liability. The auditors should be able to anticipate that third party will use the audited financial statement as a guideline in decision making process. Both cases had resulted in the growing number of third parties which have a legal right to sue auditor for negligence. In other word, auditors liability to third parties has increased. According to Pacini, C., Hillison, W. Sinason, D. (2000), the widening area of auditor liability to third parties was virtually reversed by the decision of the House of Lords in the Caparo Industries plc. vs Dickman Others (1990) case. From Caparo case, it was held that three necessary tests must be done in order to determine whether a duty of care by auditor can be imposed. First, the foreseeability of the occurrence of damages due to the misstatement must exist. Secondly, a relationship of proximity must exist between auditor and the suing party. Lastly, it must be just and reasonable to put into effect the duty of care on the one party for the benefit of the other. Auditor will only be liable to the third parties if these three criteria have been fulfilled. Since Caparo case, several cases involving alleged auditors negligence have occurred and the UK courts continued to limit the auditors liability to third party. In a nutshell, the Caparo decision has lessened the scope of auditor liability to third parties for negligent misstatements and cutting back the trend of extending the auditor liability to the unlimited class of investing public. 2.2 United States (US) In US, the issue of auditors liability is determined by the state courts or state legislatures separately where different judicial reasoning are applied in different jurisdictions which results in various rules of law in different states. Four different legal standards have evolved in different states of US to judge the auditor liability to third parties which include privity rule, near privity standard, restatement standard and lastly reasonable foreseeability standard. Different states will adopt different standard which will lead to a different result. Until the mid 1980s, the trend of the auditors liability in US still reflected a tendency toward widen scope of auditor liability to third parties. 1986 is the turning point of auditors liability in the US when Illinois passed an accountant privity statute and since then a trend has emerged toward a more narrow scope of duty to third parties (Pacini, C., Hillison, W. Sinason, D, 2000). 2.3 Summary As a conclusion, the evidence supports a trend towards limiting auditor liability to third-party in both UK and US. 3.0 Current Status of Auditors Liability 3.1 Public Perspective Fraud detection The extend of auditors liability largely depends on the responsible that is borne by a particular auditor. However, the liability pressures enforced to auditor has been increasing in several countries. The current public perspective is that auditors are no longer merely responsible to provide true and fair view on financial statement, but also responsible of detecting fraud on the company operation (Reffett.A,2010). Auditors negligence may as a result cause them to get involved in legal suits. A research has shown that the legal environment in five main countries, which include United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and USA, has examined the legal climate in relative to the auditors liability because third parties in those countries are filling lawsuit against auditors negligent misrepresentation in the financial statement. Therefore, current legal framework is trying to narrow down the liability of auditors to reduce their litigation risk (Reffett.A ,2010). In addition to that, auditor is now currently refusing to accept high risk client audit engagement and increase the cost for professional liability insurance so as to reduce their liability. That is because they need to protect their professions. Otherwise, auditors liability will become gradually heavier as if they will be sued when they failed to detect fraud. Yet, should auditor free from their negligence on the financial statement as their scope of responsibilities are mainly not detecting fraud? (Hassink. H, Meuwissen.R, Bollen.L ,2010). To clarify that, some researches have been done. Research has shown that there is certain level of fraud that can be detected by auditors. Therefore, if auditor fails to detect certain level of fraud, he is said to be liable for negligence. There are a certain standard which has been set to determine auditors liability. Those are the level of evidence for the type of fraud cases to be detected by auditors; determine whether auditors have complied with auditing standards regarding fraud to the impact on various context variables that has been detected by auditors. Another issue raised is that whether or not auditors who are able to collect more fraud evidence are considered to be doing the right things. The answers are still in question and it is really based on judgments from the public (Pacini.C , Hillison.W , Sinason.D ,2000). Because of that, expectation gap somehow exist while carrying out the audit work. 3.2 Lender Perspective Interjecting themselves into decision making of a company Auditor is responsible of expressing opinion on the going concern position of client. If auditor fails to express the opinion, auditor will be liable for negligence. However, in fact, auditors are expressing opinion based on the sufficient information provided by the accountants. However, if auditors express an opinion on the existence of the company for the next twelve months, auditors get involved into decision making process of a company (Pacini.C , Hillison.W , Sinason.D , 2000). These responsibilities should be borne by accountants of that company. That is because the time frame provided by auditor to access the going concern of a company will be too short. Therefore, the opinion provided may not be correct. Yet, as the issue of going concern for a company is important for users, especially lenders and suppliers, they may file lawsuit against auditors due to auditors negligence. 3.3 Legal Perspective Judges have bias in making evaluation on auditors decisions Auditors will often make their professional judgment while making decisions. Yet, sometimes, they may fail to foresee anticipated financial problems or any fraudulent act of the client. However, judges has become bias for evaluating the decision made and liability borne by auditors, especially after the failure of Arthur Anderson in discovering that its client has significantly understated the amount of obsolete inventory (Anderson. J.C, Jennings. M.M, Lowe.D.J, Reckers.M.J , 1997). By law, auditor will be liable for their negligence as if they do not exercise due care while conducting an audit. However, when judges tend to believe that auditors purposely breach its professions and professional requirement, they may make wrong judgments while determining the liability of auditor. To reduce the auditors liability, accounting profession has enacted the audit standards to expand auditors responsibilities to reduce the number of audit failures. However, these efforts will not help a lot as if they are done alone. Most importantly, we have to debias the judges in their decision making process. There are lots of methods that have been used to debias or to reduce the judgment errors. That is because judges play important roles in controlling important element of the trial. For example, there are some specific methods designed for judges to determine the liability borne by auditors. Therefore, a correct judgment can be reached. However, in reality, judges do not really believe in due diligence of auditor because of the increase in number of corporate scandals in recent years. Despite the bias view by judges, UK government has talk on contributory negligence to reduce the liability against negligent auditors. In addition to that, US Private Securities Litigation Reform Act enabled auditors to have negotiation on proportional liability so as to protect auditors from their liability towards shareholders. However, the enforcement of those acts seems to be the main reason behind US audit failures. It is claimed that auditors are given substantial protection. That is because the situation has made the investor has no way to sue parties like law and accounting firm which may get involved in fraudulent activities (Anderson. J.C, Jennings. M.M, Lowe.D.J, Reckers.M.J , 1997). 3.4 Shareholder Perspective Auditor needs to give absolute opinion rather than reasonable opinion on financial statements To reduce the power of manipulation of directors, auditors are indirectly becoming the agent appointed by shareholders to be independent parties of company and directors. Yet, shareholders at the same time doubt the independent of the auditors while they carry out their audit work. That is because they do not know the extent of the auditors honesty and integrity (Sikka.P, Filling.S, Pik Liew, 2009). However, as shareholders are constrained by lots of liability arrangement which can safeguard auditors professions, shareholders hold on to the opinion that auditors hold the responsibility to discover any irregularities in the company and any inconsistency raised. Therefore, auditor holds a responsibility that they have to be able to assess the effectiveness of the internal control inside the corporation, supported with relative substantive procedures within a short audit period. After carrying out all the audit work, it is the responsibility of auditor to reach to an accurate conclusion, especially those concerning financial difficulties and going concern of the clients company. Auditors are liable for shareholders in respect of the truthfulness of the presentation of financial statement. Their liability is going to be heavier because of the increase of complexity of the accounting environment and practices (Sikka.P, Filling.S, Pik Liew ,2009). 3.5 Summary As a whole, it is still a question whether less liability for auditors in certain areas will encourage more accurate financial statement. These are still challenges ahead for the auditor, especially facing legal suits filed by third parties due to misrepresentation of financial statement. 4.0 Relevance of the Topic 4.1 Enron Case Summary of the Case During the 1990s, Enron is a relatively small domestic Texan energy company. Then, Enron become one of the largest US corporations with a selection of international energy trading and utility operations. Enron has a strong profits grew and its market value has reached $70 billion (Accountancy as cited in Unerman ODwyer, 2004). However, concerns relating to Enrons profitability and the major share sales by senior executives have driven a slow but continual decline in share prices in August 2000. In October 2001, US stock market was shocked by the announcement of Enron about the accounting adjustments leading to a significant loss for its third quarter of $618 million and a decrease in its reported net asset value of around $1.2 billion. (BusinessWeek cited in Unerman ODwyer, 2004). At the following weeks, the aggressive earnings management practices by hiding large scale losses and liabilities on off balance sheet was revealed. The senior executives of Enron had created about 3500 off balance sheet partnerships (Special Purpose Entities (SPEs)) (Sloan cited in Unerman ODwyer, 2004). Enron filed for Chapter 11 within 2 months. It has become the largest corporation to enter Chapter 11 bankruptcy with $55 billion estimates of outstanding liabilities. Many official inquiries into Enron where started after the company was collapsed (McLean cited in Unerman ODwyer, 2004). Auditor of Enron Arthur Andersen Arthur Andersen, one of the Big Five global auditing firms, was auditor of Enron. In January 2002 allegation surfaced that, Andersen had shattered most of its working papers with Enron when the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initiated the investigations into accounting practices at Enron (The Business cited in Unerman ODwyer, 2004). Further investigations disclosed that Andersen had played a key role in developing the aggressive earnings management techniques executed by Enron. Andersen was exposed to conflicts of interest because it made more fees in 2000 from selling consulting services to Enron ($27 million) than it did from auditing the Enrons accounts ($25 million) (McLean cited in Unerman ODwyer, 2004). Many clients of Anderson were switched to other big auditing firms because they lost faith in Andersen after these revelations. Andersen was collapsed due to this withdrawal of trust. As a result, there are only Big Four global auditing firms after Enron case. SOX and its impact on Auditors Liability Sarbenes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted after the collapse of Enron. A lot of major developments in auditors liability have arisen in US as a result of SOX. The main purpose of SOX is to increase the transparency of financial reporting by improving corporate disclosure and governance practices and to encourage an ethical climate (Toda McCarty as cited in Chung, Farrar, Poonam Thorne, 2010). Auditors liability to third parties has increased because SOX specifies the scope of third parties to whom an auditor owes a duty of care, and requires accounting firm to issue additional financial reports, add disclosure in financial reports or issue new reports about themselves (Chung et al., 2010). Since third parties could rely on this new information which is not previously required when making investment or credit decisions, it increases auditors liability to third parties. In addition, SOX has higher penalties for violations of it as compared to previous legislation. This amendment increases significantly the legal liability of auditors practicing in US. International Reactions after Enron Case In response to SOX, many countries all over the world for example Canada, U.K.., Australia and New Zealand have enacted their legislation. New oversight bodies have been created in U.S. and Canada (Chung et al., 2010). Moreover, the legislation in U.K. and Australia has been modified, and the Institute of Chartered Accountants in New Zealand has issued corporate governance guidelines (Chung et al., 2010). The quick actions taken by countries are to fulfill shareholders demand after numerous failures on trying to increase the auditors liability to third parties. Malaysian Reactions after Enron Case In Malaysia, Malaysian regulators have constructed a more organized and disciplined financial reporting structure to ensure compliance and provide more confidence to the public (MIA Editorial Team, 2002). Hence, Malaysias auditor liability has increased in post-Enron era. Nevertheless, numerous fraud events were discovered in local companies such as Transmile, Megan Media and the Port Klang Free Zone in recent years. Thus, then-Prime Minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi declared the need to set up an audit oversight mechanism to control and administer the financial reporting of the Public Interest Entity (PIE) in his Budget Speech 2008. In year 2010, Parliament of Malaysia has approved the Securities Commission (Amendment) Act 2010 which gives the permission to set up the Audit Oversight Board (AOB). The AOBs mission is to oversee the auditors of PIE and protect investors interest by promoting confidence in the quality and reliability of their audited financial statement (Gomes, 2010). Moreover, AOB will ensure that Malaysian regulatory framework for auditors are in line with international practices. The establishment of AOB virtually increases auditors liability. 5.0 Own Opinions Regarding the Issue of Auditors Liability 5.1 Impacts of Increased Auditors Liability Article entitled Scope of Auditors Liability, Audit Quality, and Capital Investment mentioned that the accounting profession has been facing increasing number of third-party lawsuits since 1960s. Lawsuits against auditors have resulted in direct financial effects as well as other non-financial effects to the profession and society. Audit firms are experiencing increased costs to settle lawsuits which include the management time and insurance premiums. Moreover, audit firms have suffered negative impact on reputation due to the negative publicity arising from litigation. Also, from the article entitled Auditor liability to third parties: an international focus, it is claimed that the increase in litigation for auditors has led to some detrimental effects. One of the effects is accounting firms now have became more persistent in rejecting the engagement with clients that are viewed to possess high-litigation-risk. Besides that, theres a decrease in the availability and increase in the cost for professional liability insurance. Eventually, many of the experienced accountants gradually depart from the profession. In addition, Bialkin and Cooper (1986) warned that the trend of expanding the scope of auditors liability to third parties will result in a fall in the quality level as well as the scope of services provided by the profession. 5.2 The Need to Minimize Auditors Liability Therefore, theres a need to minimize auditors legal liability. We need to minimize the legal liability of auditors because if the legal liability of auditors continues to rise without any control enforced, the profession might face a severe lack of experienced people in the profession. Accountants and auditors will start quitting the field fearing that they might be the next to face litigation due to negligence. This will eventually results in a chaos in the corporate world when the day where no competent auditors are available to audit the financial statements arrived. In order to minimize auditors legal liability, steps have been taken by the professionals and by individual firms. 5.3 Ways to Minimize Auditors Liability A special committee was formed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants in the late 1985 in order to develop a legislative program for liability reform. The program focuses to limit the scope of auditors liability to third parties by retaining the privity standard. Privity approach, Restatement approach, Foreseeability approach Derek K. Chan (2002) concluded in his paper that from an efficiency approach, the privity approach is the best approach to confine an independent auditors work if compared to Restatement approach and foreseeability approach. This is because privity approach provides the firm a credible mechanism where the firm can identify lenders into two groups within its own discretion 1. Lenders who are eligible to recover their losses from the auditors; 2. Lender who are excluded from recovering their damages from the auditors. Restatement approach provides less flexibility for the firm to decide which lenders are eligible, hence expands auditors liability. The foreseeability approach offers no flexibility at all to the firm as this approach broadens auditors liability to include foreseeable third parties who will rely on the audited financial statements. In our opinion, the privity approach is in fact the best approach thus far in order to limit auditors liability. Furthermore, in order to minimize auditors liability, auditors should be setting proper audit plans and perform the best audit strategy. They should follow closely every audit guidelines provided, and never cross over the forbidden lines. 5.4 The Need to Impose Litigations on Auditors Generally, auditors nowadays are quick to issue standard unqualified opinion on financial statements due to the legal protection system. Moreover, although litigations are imposed to auditors, due to the limited liability, auditors are continuing with their tendency to issue the standard unqualified report. Example of legal protection system According to the article entitled Auditors liability-no need to detect fraud, the author concluded that fraudster is not supposed to sue his auditors for failing to detect his fraud. Applying ex turpi causa non oritur actio, if one is engaged in illegal activity, one cannot sue another for damages that arose out of that illegal activity. In the case Moore Stephens (a firm) v. Stone Rolls Ltd. (in liquidation) [2009] UKHL 39, the House of Lords has decided that the illegality defense still applies. In other words, it is determined that Stone Rolls Ltd could not rely on its own illegal acts to claim for damages from its auditor. However, in our opinion, this principle ex turpi causa non oritur actio cannot universally pardon auditors of a duty to detect fraud nor to totally protect them from any litigation. Auditors should undergo a fair trial and be judged reasonably if they were found guilty of conspiracy in the fraud case. Additionally, co-operation between auditors and directors increase the tendency of auditors to issue the standard unqualified opinion. Modifications and adjustments are made for the benefits of management and auditors at the expense of shareholders. As a result, apart from the effort to minimize the auditors liability, in our opinion, theres still a need to impose appropriate legal actions on auditors who are involved in fraud cases because this is the right thing to do in order to maintain the fairness in the corporate world as well as to place emphasis on the importance of ethics and integrity in the profession. 5.5 Conclusion Suggestions Therefore, from our groups perspective, the current condition of auditors liability indicates an imperative need to strike a balance between imposing litigation on auditors who commit fraud or who fail to comply with the approved auditing standards and minimizing auditors legal liability at the same time. In addition, auditors should be well aware of their real masters which are the shareholders. They should get on the job and reveal the fraudsters if any were found. Auditors should be carrying the burden of being accountable for pensioners and investors lost funds. Our group believes that it is time to strike a change in the auditing industry. Auditors should chuck away their old habits and ensure that figures are appropriately presented. Moreover, auditors who had committed fraud should be blacklisted. Audit firms should be brave to accept blames and consequences whenever any fraud is found due to negligence of auditors. Last but not least, we should encourage perfect market competition in this industry. More auditing firms should rise and its time to stop large firms oligopolistic position. 6.0 Conclusion Increased auditors liability poses an advantage for the shareholders and other third parties who use the audited financial statements. This is because with more auditors liability, auditors will tend to be more cautious in their works. They will place emphasis on the importance of conducting appropriate audit procedures and to disclose any discrepancy found. Besides that, they will abide by the law and follow the auditing standards closely in order to avoid any unnecessary litigation. However, as discussed, it is proven that an increase in the auditors liability brought a lot of negative impact on the auditing and accounting profession. People started to response in ways that will protect themselves such as quitting the job or reject high risk audit engagement. Hence, its still an issue as whether less liability or more liability for auditors in certain areas will encourage more accurate and better assurance in the audited financial statements. Why Do the Same Notes Sound Different in Instruments? Why Do the Same Notes Sound Different in Instruments? Why do instruments sound different despite playing t/he same notes? When we listen to music, we are exposed to various different instruments. Choice of instrumentation is one of the main factors that contribute to the overall feeling of a song. Even though major and minor chords and scales can be played across most instruments, the instrument that is chosen to play the note plays a large part in what the musician wants to express. For instance, a double bass playing an E may come across as serious, but a flute playing the same note may come across as cheerful. I aim to investigate why such is the case. Across all instruments, notes are produced by creating standing wave, which will be discussed below. It is these standing waves that cause the air surrounding the object to vibrate, causing a sound wave to spread out. The main factor that causes different sounds in an instrument is the harmonic frequencies and overtones that an instrument outputs on notes, with other factors such as material affecting this factor. A vibrating string does not produce a single frequency, but a mixture of fundamental frequencies and overtones. Say that that an A note is being played on a violin string. If just the fundamental harmonic is heard, it would sound dull. It would also sound similar to other instruments playing the same note in the same pitch, provided only the fundamental frequency is being heard. However, when the string is bowed, multiple harmonic frequencies are produced at the same time. You cannot necessarily hear each harmonic note being played, as all these harmonics blend in to produce the overall sound you are hearing. This image shows the harmonic frequencies, also known as the harmonic scale, that are involved when an A note is played on a violin. These are found by stopping the vibrating string at certain intervals. Pythagoras noticed this when he stopped a vibrating string halfway along its length, which brought the pitch to an octave higher. He did this every half interval of the previous half interval, and found that the pitch consistently became an octave higher. He also found that when the string was stopped a third way through, an octave and a fifth was produced, which also produced increasing pitches in octave intervals. To examine the formula relating the wavelengths, we need to understand how waves are formed on a string. A standing wave is produced when a driver transfers energy to the medium. Energy is transferred down the string, and as it is trapped between two points, reflects of one end and superimposes with waves coming in the opposite direction. However, standing waves6 do not occur at any frequency. Only at specific frequencies do standing waves occur. When transferring energy to the medium at the right frequency, the fundamental frequency is produced. In the case of a violin, the bow that bows the string is the driver, and the string is the medium. Let L be the length of the string, and ÃŽ » be the length of the wave. Let F be the frequency, and velocity of the string be V. As velocity is constant, and v = F ÃŽ », F is inversely proportional to ÃŽ ». At the fundamental frequency5, ÃŽ »0 = (2/1)L and F0 = (v/ ÃŽ »0) , as depicted in this image http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Waves.htm As the string is stopped at certain intervals, as Pythagoras did, nodes and antinodes are produced. This is a result of constructive and destructive interference occurring, nodes being points of displacement where destructive interference occurs, due to a Ï€ phase difference, and antinodes being where constructive interference occurs, due to a 2Ï€ phase difference, as shown in this image. http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~coursedev/Online%20tutorials/Waves.htm This causes ÃŽ »1 = (2/2) L, F1 = (v/ ÃŽ »1) Considering the fact that the first harmonic causes a relation of ÃŽ »0 =2L, we can see from this image that the wavelength has halved. When the string is stopped a third of the length through, such an image occurs. This produces ÃŽ »2 = (2/3)L, F2 = (v/ ÃŽ »2). The pattern is consistent for the fourth, fifth, sixth and so on harmonic. From here a formula can be formed relating the wavelength of the harmonic to the length of the string. For the first harmonic, ÃŽ »0 = (2/1)L and F0 = (v/ ÃŽ »0). In the second, the denominator of coefficient of L increases by one, whilst F varies according to the wave being produced, in the relationship of Fn ∠ (1/ ÃŽ »n), and the same thing occurs for the third harmonic. So, for the nth harmonic, n being a natural number, this formula shows what the wavelength will be; ÃŽ »n =(2/n)L. As discussed, previously, a note produced on an instrument creates various harmonics. Therefore, by taking the sum of the amplitudes of each harmonic, we can find the shape of the wave produced when a note is played. This is depicted below. 2 A fundamental note of, say, 100 Hz 2 A second harmonic of, say, 200 Hz 2 Adding both waves together produces the resultant patterns above. Just from this very simple example above, we can already visually see how mixtures of harmonics and overtones create interesting waves. From this we can see that different instruments harmonic scales must have different properties. The various harmonics on each instrument do not necessarily have the same strength. For instance, a clarinet is strong in the odd numbered harmonics, but weaker in the even numbered harmonics, whilst a flute is stronger the other way round. 1 As a real life example, this graph shows all the frequencies that are produced when a violinist bows a D note, at 294 Hz. http://www.nagyvaryviolins.com/tonequality.html From close inspection we can see that the first harmonic occurs at around 300Hz. The second harmonic occurs around 600Hz, and the next harmonic at around 900Hz. This fits in with the relationship of Fn ∠ (1/ ÃŽ »n). In each harmonic step, the wavelength decreases, but the frequency increases which is the case above. From the first to second harmonic the wavelength goes from 2L to L, which is a decrease of scale factor  ½. Yet the frequency has increase by a scale factor of 2, which fits the relationship. This graph shows the frequencies produced when a vocalist produces the same note, at the same frequency. http://www.nagyvaryviolins.com/tonequality.html You can see by comparison that there are similarities in the shape of each graph, but with subtle differences. Although the harmonics occur in the same pattern as above, their peaks are slightly different, and at frequencies beyond 5000 Hz the frequencies outputted by the vocalist have a much lower dB than the violin. Therefore we can conclude that the harmonic scales, as shown on the first page, must vary for each instrument. The various harmonics1 on each instrument do not necessarily have the same strength. For instance, a clarinet is strong in the odd numbered harmonics, but weaker in the even numbered harmonics, whilst a flute is stronger the other way round. However, even the same instruments have certain characteristics that distinguish them from other instruments in the same category. For example, a Gibson Les Paul, a type of guitar, produces a much heavier tone than a Fender Stratocaster, and you can even tell the difference between a cheap Les Paul and a custom shop Les Paul if you listen closely. This is down to the materials used to create the instrument, and the dimensions chosen. This is explained below, using the example of a violin. The belly and back plates of a violins4 body are designed to easily resonate. To identify these frequencies, the Authors of this page mechanically drove isolated violin bellies. The force applied is the driving force, and to see the frequency response an accelerometer was used. The acceleration was then monitored, enabling them to plot the ratio of force to acceleration against frequency. Chlandi patterns7 were then used to identify which frequencies the plates resonated at most easily. Chlandi patterns are symmetrical patterns formed when a standing wave is formed on the plate. To see these patterns, granules of sand are placed on the plate, much like iron fillings are used to show the magnetic field of a magnet. The most important frequencies patterns were placed on the graph below. We can see that the resonant frequency is 163Hz as it is forms the most symmetrical pattern, and is the first symmetrical pattern to occur. Resonant frequency is found using the formula6 F = 1/2Ï€ sqrt (k/m), where K is the spring constant and m is the mass. Therefore the closer the frequency is to this frequency, the closer it is to the resonant frequency. Therefore k and m vary according to dimensions and materials used, the resonant frequency varies between instruments, even of the same make. Gibson Les Paul guitars3 are made from mahogany, a dense wood, whilst Fender Stratocaster guitars are made from either ash or alder wood. These types of wood are lighter and less dense than mahogany, which results in the brighter tone Fender Stratocasters are known for, and the heavier and darker tone Gibson Les Pauls are known for. It is the way that the wood responds to the vibrations that travel through it when a note is played that causes this. As discussed above, the body of a violin has certain frequencies it resonates best at. It can be applied here, and can be deduced that the denser material does not pronounce higher frequencies with the same clarity as the less dense material, therefore causing this difference in tone. To conclude, it seems that the main factor that affects the quality of a note produced on an instrument is the harmonics that an instrument produces. The fundamental frequency and harmonics that are expressed the most depends on the dimensions of the instrument and the materials. Even in the cases of the same instrument they can sound different depending on the skill of the maker. It is fascinating to realise that the reason why there are so many instruments in the world and why we are able to experience all these different sounds and feelings are essentially down to the physics of standing waves and resonance. Sources: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/terence.dwyer/The%20Harmonic%20Series%20Explained.pdf http://www.phys.uconn.edu/~gibson/Notes/Section4_2/Sec4_2.htm http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-gibson-and-fender/ http://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/violintro.html http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-4/Fundamental-Frequency-and-Harmonics Adams S. and Allday J., Advanced Physics, Oxford, Oxford University press, pg http://skullsinthestars.com/2013/05/02/physics-demonstrations-chladni-patterns/

Happy Violence

Violent things that don’t reflect on the harm or consequences it express as we see on TV or in movies are called â€Å"happy violence†. It is violence that can be funny or have a comical twist. It needs to be measured together with the intensification of the violence presented. There are many examples of these in the pop culture is wrestling. How? The anecdote of wrestling is like cartoon violence in â€Å"Tom and Jerry† or â€Å"Bugs Bunny†. In wrestling, the result of â€Å"happy violence† becomes primary because of the talent of the actors in creating the illusion that it is real. The skill of wrestlers in drawing off the illusion of reality gives reliability to the idea that there are no real consequences to violence. The reality of violence vanishes in wrestling because it looks as if it is real. The reality is that everyone who watches wrestling knows that it is staged and fake and consequently isn’t enough to concession its real effects. Wrestling can influence even kids who know that it’s fake. It gets more violent and intense even as the real consequences persist to be pressed out of view. Most kids don’t only enjoy watching wrestling, they imitate what the wrestlers do and it could definitely cause them to injure themselves or their playmate. They might think its fun and entertaining until they feel and learn what it could do to them. With most of the children and adolescents watching professional wrestling, it is vital to be aware of how children really recognize professional wrestling and if it encourage violent conduct. Television violence is perceived by many children as an acceptable means of resolving conflict that influences them to behave aggressively (Krieg, 1995). Thoughts of recognizing aggression and violence can add to the possibility of aggression and violence being carried out especially by the young viewers. It would make kids become violent with their playmates even to their teachers and parents. They would display negative behavior because of the violent things they see on TV. Adults always say fighting or any form of violence is bad. But why are there so many violent movies shown in TV? Even a cartoon show that should be meaningful and educational to child is filled with violence. Shows like these overturn what we teach our children or what we are taught by our parents. It inculcates that violence is a normal reaction or is tolerated because it is fun. It doesn’t make people realize the pain the other person is experiencing. With the influence of media on us, violence has become a normal thing we see and do. Some may think that it’s funny and at times, entertaining. Some view it as disturbing and a form of nonsense. Violence is seen in various forms and context. It sinks to our minds most especially to the kids. Violence illustrated by media produce an edifying environment in which that kind of behavior is acknowledged as normal or a kind of an appropriate reaction to such problems or situations. The intimidation, degradation and verbal hostility that is implemented in wresting is the manner that real men can succeed. Maturity and masculinity is associated with the capability to get even, protect one’s reputation, and gain respect and fulfillment by defeating your opponent. Regardless of the alarming allegation, and purpose, it diverts people from focusing on the violence in society and limits argument of television violence to its most naive element. Violence on TV is considered as an important part of the global marketing system. It overlooks an escalating allocation of the TV screens all over the world. Violence is not always alike. They are different in every expression and denomination. Its individual expertise is carefully used to balance catastrophic outlay from fatal impulse. Happy Violence, as we see in Cusac’s essay can be characterized by torture, crime and violence, reality, and the safety and security of the people. All these points are seen in the series. Torture being connected with crime and accounts of terrorism is said to be adjoined to spill out the truth even if time has almost run out. With the account of terrorism and crime, the lives of the people are always at risk. The safety and security of the people are being diminished because of the increasing crime rates and most especially with terrorism. All these things can be seen not just in front of the camera, but mostly, in reality. All these things are connected in one way. How people and life are characterized in this environment develop a sense of opportunity and chances. It supplies our commencement of who we are and how we communicate to others and to the world. It helps to identify our strengths and weaknesses, and the risks we can take in such situations. Terrorism is something that can happen to anyone, anywhere. No one knows when and where terrorism will occur. No one even knows who will be the next victim. In this series, it tells us that terrorism happens in real life, it’s a real situation where real people are victimized. It might not be exactly like to what we see on movies and films, it could be worse than that and more lives are hanging on the thread. Cusac pointed out that terrorism and torture are always connected and can’t be separated. The show 24 somehow shouldn’t be classified as a form of â€Å"happy violence† because of the serious brutality it depicts. The violence presented is not entertaining than with shows considered to have â€Å"happy violence†. The show conflicts with reality with regards to the seemingly unending problems and crime that is happening in the film but not in reality. It’s like one problem pops every passing minute. And it’s not just simple everyday problem. It’s a very serious problem that doesn’t require one to make any mistake or a life or two will be lost. Torture can only be effective if you have the right person and supply the right information. But it’s not that easy. You don’t know who is innocent and who’s not. Some consider that those who torture do so to simply dig out information form the detained enemy. But to other people, torture is used to mortify, humiliate, and destroy an individual. It is a mean used by those with authority to sustain their control and position. The use of torture is used to harm, and obliterate the tortured individual’s sense of self. Such practices demoralize an individual’s will to resist. Torture is used to guarantee the safety and security of the people by easing the significant information and to fight the forces that are against one country. Torture is required to be used on life-saving situations. It is used as a tool to interrogated people to provide vital information that can be used to protect the lives of the people. Torture should only be used when necessary. The show 24 makes people more aware of the things that are happening in the world. It’s a real time situation and real people are accountable to such things. It’s not just about terrorism. It’s about the demoralizing acts that the people who are with power are demonstrating to sustain their position and authority over things, people and situation. It’s about giving your best to save a life or to help even to the simplest of things. The outline of oppression on TV and reality with fear are somehow related. Spectators who see their own people or race on that fictional situation develops a sense of anxiety, mistrust and estrangement. This imbalanced sense of jeopardy, helplessness and uneasiness with inconsiderateness tempt hostility, mistreatment and suppression. The protuberance of authority is a function of all mores and conventional mass media. Television modernizes, cleanses, and puts its dramatic sense and releases it to the world’s cultural environment. The lack of restrictions from violent and other unbalanced and threatening formulas, censorship is not the effective and adequate method to amplify multiplicity and decrease TV violence. People should contribute in generating a resolution on how to facilitate in shaping the lives of the children in contemplation to TV violence. Torture will never be normal and justifiable. It’s not a kind of thing you can do to any one. By having an authority over someone doesn’t mean you can do things to that person just to get what you want or need because it makes you nothing less than them.